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crimes, white males were more likely to commit violent crimes, and no statistical significance
could be found in violence victimization.

In her analytical journal of the culture of the writers鈥� room, Henderson (2011) focuses
mainly on interactions amongst members of the room. She explains how, due to the
鈥渟ociocultural rituals鈥� of the writers鈥� room, we create 鈥渟ituational authorship,鈥� a term Henderson
defines as 鈥渁 process of collective decision-making鈥� (Henderson 2鈥�3). Because of this collective
decision-making, writers in the writers鈥� room tend to cast off or 鈥淥ther鈥� (Henderson 3) other
writers, due to issues such as ideas in writing, their physical needs or limitations, willingness to
trash talk, as well as their gender or race, not to mention the 鈥淯ni-Culturalism鈥� that occurs
because of it (Henderson 8).

Finally, in a study similar to Gerbner鈥檚, Callanan (2012) sets out to answer two questions:
鈥�(1) how do various types of crime-related media influence fear of crime, and (2) do media
effects differ by race/ethnicity?鈥� (3). To answer this question, Callanan surveyed a total of 4,245
California residents in a state-wide area between March and September of 1999. Surveyors were
asked to rate eight items on a scale from 1 to 10 for how fearful they were of the crime. The
responders were asked to rate the likelihood of seven crimes on a scale from 0 to 10 (0 counting
as not at all). Finally, responders were asked to how often they read the newspaper or watched
the local news. After the surveys were tallied and measured, results found that, of course, the
more television news and crime-reality programs consumed, the higher the fear of crime, and
fear is higher 鈥渁mong victims, women, blacks, and Latinos; education, income, and age are
negatively associated. Local news consumption elevates the fear of neighborhood crime, but not
any other media.鈥� Consumption of local news as well as crime-reality TV increased fear of crime
across all races/ethnicities, whereas newspapers heightened fear among whites more than any

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